Discussion

The discussion outlines six degrees of digitalization in ships, including models, shadows, and twins. It emphasizes the importance of digital twins for achieving full autonomy in maritime operations. The presentation critiques various papers claiming to describe digital twins, highlighting the need for bi-directional data flow and AI integration for true digital twin functionality.

• The lecture explains the six degrees of digitalization for ships, focusing on the ship digital model, shadow, and twin. Each level has different control, fidelity, and feedback characteristics, highlighting the evolution of technology in maritime operations.
• Achieving the fourth level of IMO autonomy requires a fully autonomous ship digital twin, which serves as a complete virtual replica of a physical ship. This digital twin incorporates automated decision-making algorithms, enhanced by AI and ML technologies.
• The maritime industry heavily relies on digital models and twins to enhance performance and environmental efficiency. However, current digital twins often lack bidirectional data exchange, limiting their effectiveness.A hybrid model combining first principles and machine learning enhances prediction accuracy for ship maneuvering in various conditions. The study identifies this approach as a digital shadow rather than a digital twin.
• A digital twin model utilizes real-time data and AI to enhance maritime navigation, improving safety and efficiency through precise simulations of vessel performance. This technology represents a significant advancement in the integration of digital tools with shipping operations.