Conclusion

The study categorizes ship navigation autonomy into six digitalization degrees: digital model, digital shadow, and digital twin. A digital model is a synthetic replica, while a digital shadow reflects real-time navigation without AI. A digital twin operates independently, utilizing advanced models and AI for decision-making, marking the highest degree of digitalization.

• This study categorizes navigation autonomy in ship digitalization into six degrees, focusing on digital models, shadows, and twins. Each degree represents a progressive level of digital integration and decision-making capabilities.
• A digital twin of a ship is an independent virtual replica that functions without the physical ship, requiring high fidelity kinematic models. This concept is crucial for enhancing ship navigation autonomy and monitoring systems.