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Marine Propulsion using Fuel Cells

  • Marine propulsion using fuel cells is introduced, and the main types of fuel cells relevant to marine applications are explained. Low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells are focused on as the only commercially available option for powertrain integration.
  • High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells are discussed. The reasons why high-temperature fuel cells are mainly used for stationary power generation rather than transportation are explained.
  • Fuel storage is highlighted as a key challenge for fuel cell systems. The limitations of gravimetric and volumetric energy density when hydrogen storage systems are considered at the system level are explained.
  • The current status of fuel cell ships and global demonstration projects is reviewed. The limited power levels achieved so far and the need to improve fuel cell technology readiness and fuel supply chains are emphasized.
  • Key constraints of fuel cell propulsion, including sensitivity to load transients and degradation, are summarized. The importance of zero-carbon hydrogen production and life-cycle perspectives in marine applications is highlighted.
Updated on Jan 18, 2026